The relationship between the gut microbiome and the development of Alzheimer's disease: a review

Jennifer Carolina Rojas Bedon; María Belén Amores Altamirano; Maritza Wilma Cocha Lasluiza; Yamily González Cardona

doi:10.59471/ijhsc202490

Authors

Jennifer Carolina Rojas Bedon Universidad Regional Autónoma de Los Andes, Matriz Ambato, Ecuador Author
María Belén Amores Altamirano Universidad Regional Autónoma de Los Andes, Matriz Ambato, Ecuador Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8068
Maritza Wilma Cocha Lasluiza Universidad Regional Autónoma de Los Andes, Matriz Ambato, Ecuador Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-5473
Yamily González Cardona Universidad Regional Autónoma de Los Andes, Matriz Ambato, Ecuador Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-6320

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59471/ijhsc202490

Keywords:

Gut microbiome, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Gut-brain axis, Probiotics

Abstract

This review examines the relationship between the gut microbiome and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found evidence that the gut microbiota may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD through inflammation and metabolite production. Early intervention strategies based on modulation of the gut microbiota could improve symptoms. Gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and the NLRP3 inflammasome appear to be involved in the disease. Modifying the gut microbiota with probiotics, prebiotics and dietary changes could have beneficial effects in AD, according to animal and human studies. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions in clinical trials. In conclusion, modification of the gut microbiome could be an effective therapeutic strategy for AD, but more research is needed for clinical implementation.

References

Zurique Sánchez C, Cadena Sanabria MO, Zurique Sánchez M, Camacho López PA, Sánchez Sanabria M, Hernández Hernández S, et al. Prevalencia de demencia en adultos mayores de América Latina: revisión sistemática. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2019 Nov 1;54(6):346–55.

ALZHEIMER’S ASSOCIATION REPORT. 2023 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia [Internet]. 2023 Apr 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];19(4):1598–695. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/alz.13016

Andrade-Guerrero J, Santiago-Balmaseda A, Jeronimo-Aguilar P, Vargas-Rodríguez I, Cadena-Suárez AR, Sánchez-Garibay C, et al. Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Overview of Its Genetics. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2023 Feb 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];24(4). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36835161/

Pasqualetti G, Thayanandan T, Edison P. Influence of genetic and cardiometabolic risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease. Ageing Res Rev [Internet]. 2022 Nov 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];81. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36038112/

Vu M, Mangal R, Stead T, Lopez-Ortiz C, Ganti L. Impact of Alzheimer’s Disease on Caregivers in the United States. Health Psychol Res [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 10];10(3). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35999976/

Popa LC, Manea MC, Velcea D, Șalapa I, Manea M, Ciobanu AM. Impact of Alzheimer’s Dementia on Caregivers and Quality Improvement through Art and Music Therapy. Healthcare (Basel) [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];9(6). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34207703/

Pham VT, Dold S, Rehman A, Bird JK, Steinert RE. Vitamins, the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal health in humans. Nutr Res [Internet]. 2021 Nov 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];95:35–53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34798467/

Kesika P, Suganthy N, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C. Role of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer’s disease. Life Sci [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];264. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33169684/

Mou Y, Du Y, Zhou L, Yue J, Hu X, Liu Y, et al. Gut Microbiota Interact With the Brain Through Systemic Chronic Inflammation: Implications on Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Aging. Front Immunol [Internet]. 2022 Apr 7 [cited 2023 Jul 10];13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35464431/

Bairamian D, Sha S, Rolhion N, Sokol H, Dorothée G, Lemere CA, et al. Microbiota in neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction: a focus on Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];17(1). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8898063/

Chen C, Liao J, Xia Y, Liu X, Jones R, Haran J, et al. Gut microbiota regulate Alzheimer’s disease pathologies and cognitive disorders via PUFA-associated neuroinflammation. Gut [Internet]. 2022 Nov 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];71(11):2233–52. Available from: https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/11/2233

Shen H, Guan Q, Zhang X, Yuan C, Tan Z, Zhai L, et al. New mechanism of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by gut microbiota. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2020 Jun 8;100:109884.

Tran TTT, Corsini S, Kellingray L, Hegarty C, Le Gall G, Narbad A, et al. APOE genotype influences the gut microbiome structure and function in humans and mice: relevance for Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. FASEB J [Internet]. 2019 Jul 1 [cited 2023 Jul 10];33(7):8221–31. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30958695/

Zhang Z, Tan X, Sun X, Wei J, Li QX, Wu Z. Isoorientin Affects Markers of Alzheimer’s Disease via Effects on the Oral and Gut Microbiota in APP/PS1 Mice. J Nutr. 2022 Jan 1;152(1):140–52.

Bonfili L, Cuccioloni M, Gong C, Cecarini V, Spina M, Zheng Y, et al. Gut microbiota modulation in Alzheimer’s disease: Focus on lipid metabolism. Clinical Nutrition. 2022 Mar 1;41(3):698–708.

Wang M, Cao J, Gong C, Amakye WK, Yao M, Ren J. Exploring the microbiota-Alzheimer’s disease linkage using short-term antibiotic treatment followed by fecal microbiota transplantation. Brain Behav Immun. 2021 Aug 1;96:227–38.

Xiong W, Zhao X, Xu Q, Wei G, Zhang L, Fan Y, et al. Qisheng Wan formula ameliorates cognitive impairment of Alzheimer’s disease rat via inflammation inhibition and intestinal microbiota regulation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Jan 10;282:114598.

Go J, Chang DH, Ryu YK, Park HY, Lee IB, Noh JR, et al. Human gut microbiota Agathobaculum butyriciproducens improves cognitive impairment in LPS-induced and APP/PS1 mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrition Research. 2021 Feb 1;86:96–108.

Qu C, Li QP, Su ZR, Ip SP, Yuan QJ, Xie YL, et al. Nano-Honokiol ameliorates the cognitive deficits in TgCRND8 mice of Alzheimer’s disease via inhibiting neuropathology and modulating gut microbiota. J Adv Res. 2022 Jan 1;35:231–43.

Cui M, Shan X, Yan Y, Zhao T, Sun Y, Hao W, et al. Ganmaidazao decoction alleviated cognitive impairment on Alzheimer’s disease rats by regulating gut microbiota and their corresponding metabolites. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2023 May 1;16(5):104688.

Nagpal R, Neth BJ, Wang S, Mishra SP, Craft S, Yadav H. Gut mycobiome and its interaction with diet, gut bacteria and alzheimer’s disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. EBioMedicine. 2020 Sep 1;59:102950.

Tamtaji OR, Heidari-soureshjani R, Mirhosseini N, Kouchaki E, Bahmani F, Aghadavod E, et al. Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition. 2019 Dec 1;38(6):2569–75.

Asaoka D, Xiao J, Takeda T, Yanagisawa N, Yamazaki T, Matsubara Y, et al. Effect of Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve in Improving Cognitive Function and Preventing Brain Atrophy in Older Patients with Suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results of a 24-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 10];88(1):75–95. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35570493/

Krishaa L, Ng TKS, Wee HN, Ching J. Gut-brain axis through the lens of gut microbiota and their relationships with Alzheimer’s disease pathology: Review and recommendations. Mech Ageing Dev. 2023 Apr 1;211:111787.

Pluta R, Ulamek-Koziol M, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ. Gut microbiota and pro/prebiotics in Alzheimer’s disease. Aging (Albany NY) [Internet]. 2020 Mar 3 [cited 2023 Jul 11];12(6):5539. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7138569/

Kim CS, Cha L, Sim M, Jung S, Chun WY, Baik HW, et al. Probiotic Supplementation Improves Cognitive Function and Mood with Changes in Gut Microbiota in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jul 11];76(1):32–40. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32300799/

Bairamian D, Sha S, Rolhion N, Sokol H, Dorothée G, Lemere CA, et al. Microbiota in neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction: a focus on Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1 [cited 2023 Jul 11];17(1). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8898063/

Solch RJ, Aigbogun JO, Voyiadjis AG, Talkington GM, Darensbourg RM, O’Connell S, et al. Mediterranean diet adherence, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease risk: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2022 Mar 15 [cited 2023 Jul 11];434:120166. Available from: http://www.jns-journal.com/article/S0022510X22000259/fulltext

Liu Q, Xi Y, Wang Q, Liu J, Li P, Meng X, et al. Mannan oligosaccharide attenuates cognitive and behavioral disorders in the 5xFAD Alzheimer’s disease mouse model via regulating the gut microbiota-brain axis. Brain Behav Immun. 2021 Jul 1;95:330–43.