Prevention of Nephropathy and its complications in Adults Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. In today's world, 1 in 10 people lives with diabetes and according to the IDF (International Diabetes Federation - 2021) 10.5% of the world's adult population has diabetes, where many are unaware that they have this pathology. Early diagnosis helps prevent or delay the progression of the disease, improves quality of life, and avoids possible complications. The main chronic complication in diabetes is nephropathy, where 30%-40% of patients suffer from microvascular complications that affect the small blood vessels of the kidneys. Present reports for nephropathy consist of high urinary albumin excretion values (≥ 30 mg/g urinary creatinine) and glomerular filtration rate (<60mL/min), correlated with persistent hyperglycemia, renal hemodynamic abnormalities, medullary ischemia, tissue inflammation, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The control of diabetes has the purpose of preventing complications, this consists of several foundations: diabetes education, healthy lifestyle, not smoking, avoiding alcohol, pharmacological treatment and risk factors such as: hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity.
Objectives: Systematic review with the aim of demonstrating the possibility of preventing nephropathy in diabetic patients as well as its complications. Material and methods:  The use of articles and journals that provide relevant information regarding the question was used as a basis for this research, directing or studying the systematic review with the use of keywords of the MESH type.