Advances in the Control and Prevention of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever: History, Diagnosis and Vaccination

Abstract

Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is an endemic viral disease caused by Junin virus (JUNV), transmitted by the rodent Calomys musculinus in rural and suburban areas of Argentina. Since its discovery in 1940, FHA has affected a large population in northern and central Buenos Aires, southern Santa Fe, northeastern La Pampa and southern Córdoba. This virus presents seasonal outbreaks and generates severe symptoms, such as high fever, hemorrhagic and neurological manifestations. In 1978, the development of the Candid #1 vaccine was initiated, which proved 95% effective and significantly reduced the incidence of HAF in the region. Diagnosis is made by virological and serological tests. Treatment, consisting of early administration of plasma from convalescent patients, has been shown to reduce mortality from 15-30% to only 1%. Candid #1 vaccine was incorporated into the National Immunization Schedule in 2007 and has immunized 1.2 million people in the endemic area, with an efficacy of 95.5%. In conclusion, HAF is a preventable and treatable disease through a combination of early diagnosis, plasma treatment and vaccination. Epidemiological surveillance in Argentina remains fundamental for its control and vaccination represents the most effective preventive measure to reduce cases and mortality.